Pipelines
Fitness-for-Service (FFS) is an assessment that is carried out using standardized methods and criteria, that evaluates the structural integrity of an asset/component to determine whether the asset/component is suitable for its intended use. The Fitness-for-Service (FFS) assessment provides a quantitative measure of structural integrity and is part of asset integrity management. The assessments are used to highlight the need for replacement or repair of assets/components. Two of the most commonly used are the recommended practice for assessing fitness-for-service published by the American Petroleum Institute (API) in API 579 and the guidance for the assessment of defects metallic structures published by British Standards in BS 7910. |
S. |
Type |
Format |
Title |
Ed. |
Scope |
Author(s) |
Availability |
1 |
S |
|
ASME B31G-Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded Pipelines |
2009 |
This document is intended solely for the purpose of providing guidance in the evaluation of metal loss in pressurized pipelines and piping systems. It is applicable to all pipelines and piping systems. |
ASME |
Upon Request |
2 |
S |
|
BS 7910 - Guide to Methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures |
2019 |
This British Standard gives guidance and recommendations for assessing the acceptability of flaws in all types of structures and components. Although emphasis is placed on welded fabrications in ferritic and austenitic steels and aluminium alloys, the procedures can be used for analyzing flaws in structures made from other metallic materials and in non-welded components or structures. The methods described are applicable at the design, fabrication and operational phases of the life of a structure. |
BSI |
Upon Request |
3 |
S |
|
ASME B31.8- Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems |
2020 |
This Code Section includes (a) references to acceptable material specifications and component standards, including dimensional and mechanical property requirements (b) requirements for designing components and assemblies (c) requirements and data for evaluating and limiting stresses, reactions, and movements associated with pressure, temperature changes, and other forces (d) guidance and limitations on selecting and applying materials, components, and joining methods (e) requirements for fabricating, assembling, and installing piping (f) requirements for examining, inspecting, and testing piping (g) procedures for operation and maintenance that are essential to public safety (h) provisions for protecting pipelines from external and internal corrosion |
ASME |
Upon Request |
4 |
S |
|
ASME B31.4-Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurries |
2019 |
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, testing, operation, and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems between production fields or facilities, tank farms, above- or belowground storage facilities, natural gas processing plants , refineries , pump stations , ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail, and truck) , and other delivery and receiving points, as well as pipelines transporting liquids within pump stations, tank farms, and terminals associated with liquid pipeline systems This Code also prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, testing, operation, and maintenance of piping transporting aqueous slurries of nonhazardous materials such as coal, mineral ores, concentrates, and other solid materials, between a slurry processing plant or terminal and a receiving plant or terminal |
ASME |
Upon Request |
5 |
S |
|
1983 |
This British Gas engineering standard defines procedures to be used when dealing with line pipe, used for pipelines and designed to operate at pressures above 7 bar, which has suffered deterioration to parent plate material. |
BGC |
Upon Request |
|
6 |
S |
|
2013 |
This standard gives criteria and recommendations on concept development, design, construction, operation and abandonment of Submarine Pipeline Systems. The objectives of this standard are to: — ensure that the concept development, design, construction, operation and abandonment of pipeline systems are safe and conducted with due regard to public safety and the protection of the environment — provide an internationally acceptable standard of safety for submarine pipeline systems by defining minimum requirements for concept development, design, construction, operation and abandonment — serve as a technical reference document in contractual matters between Purchaser and Contractor — serve as a guideline for Designers, Purchaser, and Contractors. |
DNV |
Free |
|
7 |
RP |
|
2017 |
The objective of this recommended practice is to describe a best practice for how structural analysis of piping systems can be performed in order to safeguard life, property and the environment. It should be useful for piping structural engineers organizing and carrying out the piping design, and any 3rd party involved in the design verification |
DNVGL |
Free |
|
8 |
RP |
|
API RP 1176 - Recommended Practice for Assessment and Management of Cracking in Pipelines |
2016 |
This recommended practice (RP) is applicable to any pipeline system used to transport hazardous liquid or natural gas. This RP is specifically designed to provide the operator with a description of industry-proven practices in the integrity management of cracks and threats that give rise to cracking mechanisms. The guidance is largely targeted to the line pipe along the right-of-way (ROW), but some of the processes and approaches can be applied to pipeline facilities, including pipeline stations, terminals, and delivery facilities associated with pipeline systems. Defects associated with lap-welded (LW) pipe and selective seam weld corrosion (SSWC) are not covered within this RP. |
API |
Upon Request |
9 |
RP |
|
DNV-RP-F108-Fracture Control for Pipeline Installations Methods Introducing cyclic Plastic Strain |
2006 |
This Recommended Practice is developed to give guidance regarding testing and analyses for fracture control of pipeline girth welds subjected to cyclic plastic deformation, e.g. during installation by the reeling method, but also for other situations with large plastic strains. DNV-RP-F108 will complement DNV-OS F101 and give more detailed guidance for: — Tests for characterization of the materials Fracture Resistance. — Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) procedures for determination of Acceptable Flaw Sizes in Girth Welds subjected to Large Cyclic Plastic Strain. — A test program for Validation of the Assessment Procedure. |
DNV |
Free |
10 |
RP |
|
API RP 1183 - Assessment and Management of Pipeline Dents - FIRST EDITION
|
2020 |
This Recommended Practice (RP) provides guidance to the pipeline industry for assessing and managing dents present in pipeline systems as a result of mechanical contact by rocks, machinery, or other forces. Emphasis is placed on conditions where dents are either closely aligned or coincident with other threats, and the applicable data screening and assessment methods available to guide decision making on mitigation, remediation, or repair. |
API |
Upon Request |
11 |
GL |
|
2008 |
This Document discusses guidelines on Thickness Reduction (wall thinning) due to flow accelerated corrosion of shipboard piping |
ClassNK |
Upon Request |
|
12 |
HB |
|
How to Assess Defects in Your Pipelines Using Fitness-For-Purpose Methods |
N/A |
These course notes explain how to conduct fitness-for-purpose assessments of defects in a transmission pipeline, and present a summary of the methods available. The methods cover a wide range of defects, and can be applied to both onshore and offshore oil and gas pipelines. |
Phil Hopkins and Andrew Cosham |
Upon Request |
13 |
HB |
|
2002 |
This Book outlines the following topics: Chapter 1 gives a brief historical background and develops the fundamental concepts. Equations of equilibrium, stress-strain relations, strain displacement relations, and the principles of potential energy are reviewed Properties of matrices and determinants are reviewed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 develops the key concepts of finite element formulation by considering one-dimensional problems Finite element formulation for plane and three-dimensional trusses is developed in Chapter 4 Chapter 5 introduces the finite element formulation for two-dimensional plane stress and plane strain problems using constant strain triangle (CST) elements. Chapter 6 treats the modeling aspects axisymmetric solids subjected to axisymmetric loading Chapter 7 introduces the concepts of isoparametric quadrilateral and higher order elements and numerical integration using Gaussian quadrature. Beams and application of Hermite shape functions are presented in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 presents three-dimensional stress analysis. Tetrahedral and hexahedral elements are presented. Scalar field problems are treated in detail in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 introduces dynamic considerations. Preprocessing and postprocessing concepts are developed in Chapter 12
|
Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla and Ashok D. Belegundu |
Upon Request |
|
14 |
HB |
|
Fitness-for-Service and Integrity of Piping, Vessels and Tanks |
2005 |
This Book provides instruction on the latest ASME recommended practices for inspecting, evaluating, and monitoring pressure vessels and piping. This handy volume annotates and explains ASME code and API inspection and fitness-for-service practices. Presented in a clear, precise manner, this comprehensive guide meticulously explains how stress analysis, materials ,engineering, and nondestructive inspection affect fitness-for-service |
George Antaki |
Upon Request |
15 |
HB |
|
2006 |
The book is a fitness-for-service guide with emphasis on remediation of piping and pipelines containing flaws. This book is written to be an assessment guide from the plant engineering, pipeline engineering and operations perspective. It is intended to serve as a guide for the practicing plant and pipeline engineer, operations personnel, and central engineering groups in operating companies |
A. Keith Escoe |
Upon Request |
|
16 |
Paper |
|
A Method For Assessing Corrosion In Pipelines And Planning For Intelligent Pigging |
N/A |
A method for assessing the remaining lifetime for corroded pipes is outlined adopting a criterion for required reliability level RP-F 101 gives acceptance criteria for a uniform reliability level of corroded pipelines with different materials, pipe geometries, and defect sizes Different inspection methods with various sizing accuracy are treated. Example applications of the methods are given. Extension of the methods to serve as a tool for the planning of inspection with intelligent pigging is described. |
Mark Marley, Gudfinnur Sigurdsson and Ola Hallvard |
Upon Request |
17 |
Paper |
|
2004 |
This paper presents an overview of PDAM (Pipeline Defect Assessment Manual) , and describes some of its novel features. |
Andrew Cosham And Phil Hopkins |
Upon Request |
|
18 |
Paper |
|
Assessment and control of topside-riser-pipeline corrosion of a subsea gas re-injection system |
N/A |
This paper describes the approach used to evaluate possible corrosion mechanisms. The scope of the investigation included the following: - Topside re-injection equipment and piping, Risers - 31-km subsea pipeline from the manned platform to the wellhead injection satellite. The effects of corrective measures are also presented.
|
Nguyen Bich And Ed Heaver |
Upon Request |
19 |
Paper |
|
Assessment of the condition of pipelines as a basis for Economic and Safety-Related optimisation |
2002 |
The following paper outlines the basic features of a system designed for the documentation and assessment of the condition of pipelines. It has to be emphasized, however, that a condition assessment focusing exclusively on the impact of corrosion, although covering an important parameter, is a great deal away from a realistic and comprehensive condition assessment. |
Manfred Veenker , Ulrich Hoffmann, Volker Busack |
Upon Request |
20 |
Paper |
|
Ductile Tearing Analysis of a Custom Pipe to Flange Nozzle Using 3D Crack Meshes |
N/A |
The goal of the analysis is to compute the critical crack length that would cause unstable crack growth and structural failure in this piping component. |
Greg Thorwald, And Michael Rock |
Upon Request |
21 |
Paper |
|
2000 |
This paper describes the experience of using high resolution internal inspection as a key element of a pipeline integrity strategy to increase pipeline performance. With subsequent Fitness-For-Purpose assessments and remedial action pipeline performance can be increased and the risk reduced and quantified. Examples are presented of strategies for corroding and sour product pipelines, and for uprating. Finally attention is given to repair considerations. |
D G Jones and C L Jones |
Upon Request |
|
22 |
Paper |
|
2013 |
This article will provide the pipeline industry with an understanding of the differences between “screening tools” and “prove up tools,” as well as the benefits of the 3D structured light technology (accuracy, repeatability, reliability and cost), to meet API 579/ASME FFS-1 standards and PHMSA regulations. |
Joe Pikas |
Upon Request |
|
23 |
Paper |
|
Finite Element Analysis of the In-service-Welding of T Joint Pipe Connection |
2010 |
In this paper the effects of two major parameters (a) main pipe thickness; and (b) the amount of heat input (electrode diameter) have been investigated on the burn-through risks during the in-service welding of an AISI-316 pipe branch connection on a steam pipeline at full line pressure to perform hot tapping. A 3D Finite Element (FE) based thermo-mechanical analysis has been carried out to model the in-service welding. To assess the burn-through risks, current recommendations only rely on the observation of the main pipe inner wall surface temperature. However, this criterion does not take into account the effect of mechanical stresses due to the inline pressure. In this study, the thermomechanical stresses and temperature distribution along the main-pipe wall-thickness have been obtained and values of the effective stress have been compared against the temperature dependent yield stress of the material. |
Farid Vakili-Tahami, Mohammad Zehsaz, Mohammad-Ali Saeimi-Sadigh, and Seyedreyhani |
Upon Request |
24 |
Paper |
|
N/A |
This document presents how these issues can be addressed using a portable 3D laser scanner and appropriate analysis software. The scanning procedure will be described, followed by the impact of 3D laser technology on data quality, scanning speed and finally, reproducible results. |
Christophe Piron, Jérôme-Alexandre Lavoie, Jérôme Beaumont |
Upon Request |
|
25 |
Paper |
|
Inspectioneering - Fitness for Service of Damaged Oil Pipeline Using Finite Element Analysis |
2018 |
The purpose of this article is to present an efficient method that combines analytical techniques with FEA to determine the pipeline’s fitness for continued service.
|
Dhananjay H. Rawal |
Upon Request |
26 |
Paper |
|
2015 |
This Paper discusses the approached for the evaluation methods for unpiggable subsea pipelines |
Vibha Zaman and Peter Dsouza |
Upon Request |
|
27 |
Paper |
|
IPC2016-64553 - Effect of Residual Forming Stresses on Fracture in ERW Pipe |
2016 |
This article presents a series of analyses that seek to quantify the magnitude of residual forming stresses as well as their impact on pipeline integrity |
Ted L. Anderson and Gregory W. Brown |
Upon Request |
28 |
Paper |
|
N/A |
This paper presents a modeling procedure aimed at quantifying fatigue retardation following a hydrostatic test. A series of 3D elastic-plastic finite element simulations have been performed to model fatigue crack growth following a pressure test. The effect of test pressure and MOP on plasticity-induced crack closure was studied. The relative effect of fatigue retardation on remaining life was demonstrated with several examples. In some cases, the results were counter intuitive |
Ted L. Anderson and Greg V. Thorwald |
Upon Request |
|
29 |
Paper |
|
Methods For Assessing Corroded Pipeline - Review, Validation and Recommendations |
N/A |
Strengths, weaknesses and limitations of the individual methods are discussed in this paper emphasized that all these methods, especially the Shell-92, PCORRC and BG methods were developed based on the theory of plastic collapse failure and validated against the test results, which generally showed toughness-independent failure behavior finally, the paper describes a three-level assessment methodology, which has been recommended for further development. |
B Fu, Ashby Road, D Stephens, D Ritchie and C L Jones |
Upon Request |
30 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - A Justification for Designing and Operating Pipelines Up to Stresses of 80% SMYS |
2002 |
This paper summarizes a study to investigate the impact upon safety, reliability and integrity of designing and operating pipelines to stresses up to 80% SMYS (specified minimum yield strength of the pipe material). |
Martin McLamb ,Phil Hopkins, Mark Marley, and Maher Nessim. |
Upon Request |
31 |
Paper |
|
1999 |
This paper presents a summary of risk management methods used for pipelines. The use of surveillance methods for monitoring population encroachment along pipeline routes is covered. Methods for the assessment of risks associated with pipelines are presented. |
P Hopkins, R Fletcher and R Palmer-Jones |
Upon Request |
|
32 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - A New Industry Document Detailing Best Practices in Pipeline Defect Assessment |
2001 |
This paper describes the project, and summarizes some of the best methods currently available for assessing defects in pipelines.
|
Andrew Cosham And Phil Hopkins |
Upon Request |
33 |
Paper |
|
2008 |
This manual provides detailed guidance on the assessment of pipeline defects, and is considered to define ‘best practice’. The manual is detailed and is suitable for engineers with experience of pipeline engineering and defect assessment to use. |
Roland Palmer-Jones, Susannah Turner and Phil Hopkins |
Upon Request |
|
34 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - A Review of the Time Dependent Behaviour of Line Pipe Steel |
2004 |
In this paper, the results of the small scale and full scale tests and other studies of time dependent behavior are reviewed |
Andrew Cosham, and Phil Hopkins |
Upon Request |
35 |
Paper |
|
2000 |
This paper presents fitness-for-purpose methods applicable to the assessment of defects in onshore and offshore transmission pipelines, based on a review of the published literature. Assessment methods for gouges, dents, dents and gouges (external interference defects), corrosion, and girth weld defects are summarized. The construction of defect assessment plots, which is a very effective method for sentencing large numbers of defects, and an important aspect of developing intelligent pig assessment levels and repair strategies, is also discussed. The literature |
Andrew Cosham, and Mike Kirkwood |
Upon Request |
|
36 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - Can Limit States Design be Used to Design a Pipeline Above 80% SMYS |
1998 |
This paper contains the results of a preliminary study, to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing limit states design procedures for the design of large diameter, onshore pipelines in remote areas |
T.J.E. Zimmerman, A. Cosham, P. Hopkins and N. Sanderson |
Upon Request |
37 |
Paper |
|
2000 |
This paper approaches the hydrotest from the structural point of view and asks some fundamental questions: · Why was the hydrotest developed? · What are the advantages and disadvantages? · What are the benefits, perceived or quantifiable? · Have hydrotest failures occurred with regularity? · Have manufacturing, transportation, and construction methods changed to negate the need for a hydrotest? · Are there alternative approaches that can be used to replace the hydrotest without any loss in benefit? The paper concludes that, technically, the pre-service hydrotest can be replaced but activities need to be put in place to compensate for all benefits accrued as a result of conducting the test. |
Mike Kirkwood, and Andrew Cosham |
Upon Request |
|
38 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - Inspection & Assessment of Damaged Subsea Pipelines - A Case Study |
2008 |
This paper describes the detailed structural assessment of the damaged pipeline and the inspection and repair operations. |
Richard Espiner, David Kaye , Graham Goodfellow, and Phil Hopkins |
Upon Request |
39 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - Pipeline Failure - The Roles Played by Corrosion, Flow, and Metallurgy |
N/A |
This paper deals with failure of a pipeline where high quality inspection data together with comprehensive as-built records and stable production conditions allowed the separate influences of flow and metallurgy on corrosion to be studied |
Dominic Paisley, Nathan Barrett, and Owen Wilson |
Upon Request |
40 |
Paper |
|
2004 |
This paper considers some of the lessons learnt from recent failures and field experiences, and concludes with some guidance for all engineers in the pipeline business. |
Hopkins, P |
Upon Request |
|
41 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - Rapid Decision-Making In Emergency Subsea Pipeline Repair |
2011 |
This paper presents a study of a set of large diameters subsea high-pressure gas pipelines supplying an LNG terminal. The damage that might result from an anchor interaction incident with each of the pipelines was modelled, and broad limits for different levels of response were defined. Particular attention was paid to possible damage that could be quickly and efficiently repaired with a grouted clamp system, rather than requiring a complex and expensive cut-out repair. |
Roland Palmer-Jones, Tim Turner, Robin John Glenn, and Aldo Nespeca |
Upon Request |
42 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - Repairing Internal Corrosion Defects in Pipelines - A Case Study |
2000 |
This paper discusses the requirements for the safe long-term repair of internal corrosion in oil pipelines, and presents a case study where, following assessment of the corrosion type, a suitable repair was selected and the long-term performance demonstrated. |
Roland Palmer-Jones and Dominic Paisley |
Upon Request |
43 |
Paper |
|
N/A |
This paper describes a recent project where the interplay of issues arising from both environmental and engineering factors were examined to reveal the options available to remedy internal corrosion problems within an infield flowlines system well as new-build. |
J.G Downer, R.J Conder, R. Lillie, And R. Dobson |
Upon Request |
|
44 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - Smart Pigs and Defect Assessment Codes - Completing the Circle |
2004 |
This paper describes how sizing algorithms are constructed and how the quoted tolerances are derived. Probability theory can be used to estimate the likelihood that a defect is smaller or deeper than the reported value. Finally, the effect of defect sizing tolerances and their confidence levels on corrosion growth projections is illustrated, and how they must be taken into account in any defect assessment is emphasized. |
Stephen Westwood and Phil Hopkins |
Upon Request |
45 |
Paper |
|
2003 |
In this paper the best practices for the assessment of corrosion in pipelines are presented. Full scale tests, theoretical analyses and assessment methods are also discussed, and the ‘best’ methods included in PDAM (The Pipeline Defect Assessment Manual ) are described. |
Andrew Cosham And Phil Hopkins |
Upon Request |
|
46 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - Understanding the Results of an Intelligent Pig Inspection |
N/A |
Intelligent pigs are used extensively for inspecting pipelines. Their use has been increasing rapidly due to their proven benefits, expanding capabilities, and legislative requirements. The result of an intelligent pig inspection is an inspection report with a list of defects. To gain the full benefit from an inspection the pipeline operator must understand the inspection process, and what the list of defects means for the immediate and the future integrity of the pipeline are discussed in this document |
Roland Palmer-Jones, Phil Hopkins, and David Eyre |
Upon Request |
47 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - Using Quantitative Risk Assessment to Justify Location Class Changes - Case Study |
2012 |
This paper shows how quantitative risk assessment may be used to justify continued safe operation of a pipeline at its original operating stress following a change of class designation, illustrated with a case study from Western Europe |
Paul Rumney and Graham Goodfellow |
Upon Request |
48 |
Paper |
|
Penspen - When is Corrosion not Corrosion - A Decade of MFL Pipeline Inspection |
2002 |
This paper discusses: -The results and implications of the inspections. -The work performed to demonstrate the continued safe operation of the pipeline. -The results of a physical survey of the pressure-limiting “corrosion” defects. -The possible origins of the ferrous debris layer. -Work that has been done to assess the effect of the debris on the behavior of MFL signals. |
Paul Tims, Owen Wilson |
Upon Request |
49 |
Paper |
|
N/A |
An API 579-1 / ASME FFS-1 2007 Fitness-for-Service assessment was performed on the single diameter line. The inspection data was analyzed for wall thinning and anomalies such as corrosion, denting and ovality using the LifeQuest Pipeline software. The Remaining Strength Factor (RSF) and Reduced Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOPr) for the pipe were also determined. This assessment is based on the longitudinal extent of thinning found in the pipe and in accordance with a Level 2 Assessment found in Part 5 of the API 579 standard. |
Quest Integrity |
Upon Request |
|
50 |
Paper |
|
Required Wall Thickness of 4inch coil components in the FT Reactor - Fitness For Service |
N/A |
This Document presents a detailed assessment procedure used to calculate the required wall thickness of coil component |
N/A |
Free |
51 |
Paper |
|
The Effect of Dents in Pipelines - Guidance in the Pipeline Defect Assessment Manual |
2003 |
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the toughness limits derived from full scale test data, and describes in more detail the background to the recommendations for the assessment of dents |
Andrew Cosham, And Phil Hopkins |
Upon Request |
52 |
Presentation |
|
2009 |
This Presentation discusses the following topics: Corrosion Rate analysis, the corrosion process, Corrosion rate analysis, and applications. |
S. Turner |
Free |
|
53 |
Presentation |
|
N/A |
This Presentation gives an overview on the methods used to evaluate various damage mechanisms affecting the pipeline integrity |
KOGAS |
Free |
|
54 |
Presentation |
|
Oil and Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance and Repair - Part 9 - Pipe Defects |
N/A |
This Presentation discusses general defects related to pipelines |
Abdel Alim Hashem El Sayed |
Free |
55 |
Presentation |
|
2009 |
This Presentation discusses the following topics: Introduction to fracture mechanics, introduction to fatigue, fundamentals of pipeline defect failure, how to assess various damage mechanisms, pipeline smart pigs, and Pipeline repair methods |
Penspen Integrity Ltd |
Free |
|
56 |
Presentation |
|
2009 |
This Presentation discusses the following topics: Introduction to fracture mechanics, introduction to fatigue, fundamentals of pipeline defect failure, how to assess various damage mechanisms, pipeline smart pigs, and Pipeline repair methods |
Penspen Integrity Ltd |
Free |
|
57 |
Presentation |
|
2009 |
This Presentation discusses the following topics: Introduction to fracture mechanics, introduction to fatigue, fundamentals of pipeline defect failure, how to assess various damage mechanisms, pipeline smart pigs, and Pipeline repair methods |
Penspen Integrity Ltd |
Free |
|
58 |
Presentation |
|
2009 |
This Presentation discusses the following topics: Introduction to fracture mechanics, introduction to fatigue, fundamentals of pipeline defect failure, how to assess various damage mechanisms, pipeline smart pigs, and Pipeline repair methods |
Penspen Integrity Ltd |
Free |
|
59 |
Presentation |
|
2009 |
This Presentation discusses the following topics: Introduction to fracture mechanics, introduction to fatigue, fundamentals of pipeline defect failure, how to assess various damage mechanisms, pipeline smart pigs, and Pipeline repair methods |
Penspen Integrity Ltd |
Free |
|
60 |
Presentation |
|
2009 |
This presentation discusses the following topics : - The definition of finite element method - The basic formulation of Finite Element method - Advanced finite element methods |
Sankara J. Subramanian |
Free |
|
61 |
Presentation |
|
Fitness for Service FFS - Local Thin Area in a Line pipe Level 3 |
N/A |
This Presentation gives a general overview on the assessment of local metal loss in line pipe using Level 3 assessment |
Shahab Zangeneh |
Free |